Management Decision Model and Financial Management

Question: Legitimize the job of money related administration in the event of various undertakings and various circumstances? Answer: Presentation Money related administration is the spine for each association and people. It very well may be deduced that there are a few strategies for money related administration that encourages an association to quantify and screen their monetary structure successfully. This task will illuminate the different capital planning devices and its few favorable circumstances and burdens. Aside from this, the task will likewise assess the fittingness of money the executives framework and count of pay of the monetary area of the association will be assessed. Section 1: The absolute receipts or assortments of the association Normas Cat Food is given as 5 million. It is likewise given that the new arrangement of the association will limit the all out assortment time frame by 2.5 days and all out time of dispensing will be augmented by 0.5 days or half days. The complete contrast between money among assortment and distributions is coming as $2million. The all out number of days is coming as three days. In this manner, the measure of opened up sees is coming as $6million * 360/3 = $720 million every year. In the given case, the quantity of days is taken to be 360 in the year. The aggregate sum of profit is coming to be as 8 percent of the measure of opened up discovers which is equivalent to $57.6 million. In the event that the new framework worth $80000 is introduced, at that point the normal return can be normal as $57.6 million-80000 = $5.68 million. This is primarily in light of the fact that the aggregate sum of livelihoods and opened up sum is required to be more than the measure of expenses of the new machine. Section 2 There are many capital planning methods that can quantify the plausibility of the venture adequately. These are as far as IRR, Payback and Net present worth. It very well may be additionally gathered all the given apparatuses and strategies can surmise various qualities and decisions towards a given undertaking. The clashing circumstance may emerge because of the size of the given undertaking viably. Prior to tolerating the possibility of the given venture, the monetary director and money related investigator of the task is required to compute all the methods concerning capital planning. To investigate and execute the right choice of the task, it is critical to know the benefits and negative marks of the given capita planning strategies. Focal points of NPV The greatest bit of leeway of net present worth is that it assists with interpretting the future estimation of the given venture. It depends on the time estimation of cash idea and furthermore assists with finding the reasonableness and achievability of the given undertaking. It is a practical strategy and can be actualize in a basic way. Another value of the given technique is that future measure of the given incomes of the association can be deciphered with the assistance of this strategy. The danger of the venture can likewise be assessed with the given undertaking (Brigham Ehrhardt, 2014) Detriments of NPV The greatest detriment of the strategy for Net Present worth is that this technique for capital planning absolutely disregards the size of the given venture. If there should arise an occurrence of shared select ventures, this technique for capital planning can decipher wrong supports in contrast with different strategies for capital planning like IRR and recompense period. Moreover, the aggregate sum and pace of cost of capital is accepted in this technique for capital planning. IRR: Merits and Demerits The value of this apparatus of capital planning is that it assists with interpretting the estimation of interest in examination with the pace of return of the venture. It mulls over pretty much all incomes, dangers and all out time estimation of cash of the venture. It additionally thinks about the pace of cost of capital of a given venture. These are the greatest value of this technique for capital planning. As far as bad marks, if there should be an occurrence of progress of limiting pace of incomes, the association may not assess the practicality of the venture through this technique for IRR. A given task may likewise have more than 1 pace of profits. Along these lines, it is another negative mark of the given apparatus of capital planning technique. Compensation period (Pros and Cons) The benefit of the technique for compensation period is that it is incredibly simpler to compute and it likewise assists with estimating the liquidity of some random undertaking. What's more, the dangers and changes of the task can likewise be estimated with the assistance of apparatuses and procedure of compensation period strategy for capital planning. This technique absolutely overlooks the estimation of the given venture or level of increment or abatement of the given undertaking. This is one of the negative marks of the given apparatus of capital planning. This strategy absolutely invalidates the estimation of time estimation of cash and just considers about the period in which the all out capital will be brought about with the given timeframe. These are greatest impediment of this device (Brigham Houston, 2004) From the above investigation, it very well may be found that since the outcomes and translation of NPV is contradicting and clashing with the examination of IRR and compensation period, the ventures can be considered as common selective activities. Net present worth don't thinks about the size of some random venture. In the given case, the task of the enormous company can be considered as gigantic and it is overlooked by NPV. Accordingly, the money related investigator of the task is required to acknowledge the venture according to the capital planning devices of IRR and restitution period. End From the above investigation, the job of money related administration in the event of various tasks and various circumstances has been defended. All the strategies of capital planning and budgetary administration have been deciphered successfully. References Brigham, E., Ehrhardt, M. (2014). Money related administration. Bricklayer, Ohio: South-Western. Brigham, E., Houston, J. (2004). Basics of money related administration. Artisan, Ohio: Thomson/South-Western.

Employee Benefits at HealthCo

HealthCo is a philanthropic human services supplier working with 36 facilities in an open framework inside a practical association. The centers incorporate recovery units, treatment offices, hospice and geriatric units, and other exceptionally particular focuses. HealthCo works with around 6,700 representatives in the eastern United States. In accordance with the business, HealthCo utilizes a bigger number of ladies than men in the regions of nursing and patient consideration. HealthCo held a ranking workforce conference to address current issues and the coming year’s vital activities. Going to the Senior Staff meeting were the CEO, Dr. Palmer, Senior Officer Pat, Senior Officer Francis, and Senior Officer Mercer. During the gathering CEO, Dr. Palmer tended to a Human Resources report showing that HealthCo’s turnover is 1. multiple times the business standard. Dr. Palmer conviction is that while HealthCo is serious with compensation, the advantages offered the workers is a territory requiring improvement. Dr. Palmer demand that a group of four to six volunteers start taking a shot at an arrangement for HealthCo turning into a top organization regarding work-life benefits. Question #1: How might you direct an analysis of the circumstance at HealthCo? So as to adequately conclusion the circumstance as indicated by â€Å"entering and contracting are the underlying strides in the OD process† (Cumming and Worley, 2009, P. 75). These means are imperative to build up the connection between the Organizational Development professional and the association. This relationship characterizes the parameters for every residual period of the authoritative improvement procedure, for example, diagnosing the association, arranging and executing, assessing and standardizing the arranged change. Distinguish the introducing issue Distinguishing the introducing issue is the apparent issue by the customer, in light of a primer request. It is the thing that seems, by all accounts, to be going on. It is commonly unmistakable by the arrangement that is frequently, however not generally proposed. After we distinguish the introducing issue, we can start to explain the authoritative issue so as to all the more likely comprehend the unique circumstance and nature of the introducing issue. Make certain to distinguish the introducing issue preceding continuing to explaining the hierarchical issue. Recall that the introducing issue regularly has an inferred or expressed arrangement. Explaining the hierarchical issue It is frequently found that the introducing issue is precise. Nonetheless, a careful determination is required to help the finding. The introducing issue is just enough data all together for the Organizational Development expert to state we have to investigate the issue. This can be precarious however, in light of the fact that the customer's brain may be made up regarding the requirement for a preparation program and the Organizational Development professional realizes that the introducing issue may simply be a sign of a more profound issue inside the association. In this way, extra information should be gathered so as to comprehend the main problem. Cummings and Worley alert that multiple occasions the introducing issue can be just a side effect of the main problem (2009, p. 76). The assortment of this extra information will bolster the Organizational Development practitioner’s articulation of the issue and arrangement in the endeavor of drawing nearer and picking my applicable customer. Deciding the Relevant Client The way toward deciding the pertinent customer includes choosing the people inside the association who can legitimately affect the change issues. The significant customer will incorporate the individual who can approve the utilization of proper assets for this undertaking. Simultaneously, socially, inside the association, these top level individuals have been truly incapable to execute effective change. The following stage is to distinguish the people engaged with the creation the change procedure to be effective. This ought to incorporate administration from all divisions influenced by these progressions just as portrayal from all areas. Successful recognizable proof of the introducing issue, explaining the authoritative issue, and right choice of the applicable customer will empower the Organizational Development professional to analyze the association. Diagnosing Organizations Diagnosing is the procedure by which the Organizational Development professional starts to see how the association is working. This data is required to plan the change intercession. The conclusion procedure will empower the Organizational Development specialist and the individuals from the association to mutually decide the issues to be tended to, the strategy by which the assortment and investigation of the information will happen. A successful finding will assist with building up the connection between all gatherings though together they can progress in the direction of the advancement of the important activities steps. The procedure starts with choosing which level of examination to apply, association, gathering, or individual level. Finding can happen at all degrees of examination, or it can happen at just one level. Each level has inputs, structure segments, and yields. Sources of info are what associations need to work with, general condition, industry, association configuration, bunch plan, and individual attributes. Structure segments are the key segments inside the association that empower the association to take the data sources and change them into yields, administrations or an item. There are six parts at the authoritative level, innovation, structure, culture, estimation frameworks, HR frameworks, and technique. Gathering level plan segments incorporate objective clearness, group working, bunch standards, bunch arrangement, lastly task structure. There are five structure parts inside the individual level framework. Every person of examination will take the sources of info and work inside the associations plan segments structure to transform contributions to the ideal yields. Inside the authoritative level framework yields incorporate association viability. This viability incorporates execution, profitability, and partner fulfillment. Gathering level frameworks influence group viability, including nature of work life, and execution of the gathering. The individual level framework yields incorporate individual viability, work fulfillment, execution, non-appearance, and self-awareness. The associations adequacy relies upon the arrangement among the various gatherings. To decide whether the associations arrangement the Organizational Development specialist gathers and examines information to responds to two inquiries, does the organization’s key direction fit with the data sources, and do the plan segments fit with one another. Gathering and Analyzing Diagnostic Information The Organizational Development professional will assume a functioning job in the assortment of information for analytic purposes. There are three significant objectives of information assortment, getting legitimate data, rally backing of the hierarchical individuals, and advances a working connection between the Organizational Development expert and the individuals from the association. Strategy for Collection There are four strategies for social affair symptomatic information, surveys, meetings, perceptions, and subtle measures. (Cummings and Worley, 2009) Each strategy holds significant focal points and inconveniences. The best method to successfully gather information is through the survey strategy. Polls survey the more complete attributes of the association. Procedure for breaking down information Quantitative apparatus of research is a considerably more emotional type of research than subjective research. Subjectivity permits the presentation of individual predisposition in the assortment of the information. Subjective research might be essential when it is muddled what precisely is being searched for in an investigation. The scientist will at that point be required to figure out what information is significant and what isn’t. In subjective research the utilization of substance investigation and the power field examination information is gathered from the utilization of meetings, perceptions and inquiries questions. The OD expert should then separate reactions into two classifications, the social viewpoint and the undertaking perspective. In correlation, the quantitative research device isolates information with the goal that they can be checked and displayed measurably. Devices utilized, for example, scattergrams, mean standard deviations, recurrence circulations, and distinction tests are proposed to limit any inclination. Quantitative research at that point gathers data like a machine. The aftereffect of quantitative research is an assortment of numbers, which can be exposed to measurable investigation in the arrangement of an outcome. Quantitative research knows precisely what it’s searching for before the exploration starts. In subjective research the focal point of the investigation gets obvious as time advances. Taking care of Back Diagnostic Information Feeding back demonstrative data as per Cummings and Worley is maybe the most significant advance in the conclusion procedure (2009). The adequacy of criticism information lays on the aftereffects of the information introduced summoning a feeling of activity in the association and its individuals. There is more data regularly accumulated than is required, in this way, the OD expert should appropriately examine the information and present just the important information. Introducing a greater number of information than required could make the authoritative individuals feel overpowered and cause obstruction of progress and an absence of inspiration for change. Deciding the substance of the criticism can be depicted utilizing nine properties (Cummings and Worley, 2009). The individuals from the association are open to the information input when they think that its significant. The consideration of the administrators and representatives in the assortment of the information can expand the information pertinence. The input must be reasonable and clear. The utilization of diagrams and graphs in introducing measurable information manages ease in the comprehension of the confused information. Detai

Nashville bound to the SEC meeting - UGA Undergraduate Admissions

Nashville bound to the SEC meeting - UGA Undergraduate Admissions Nashville bound to the SEC meeting For the last five years or so, I have spent a few days each May meeting with Admissions personnel from the other SEC schools to share ideas, talk about different issues, laugh, cry (okay, not too much crying), and share stories from the year. It is also a good time to plan for the future, and see how other college admissions teams run their offices. I am also going to get a behind the scenes look at Vanderbilt (my sisters alma mater), see some great Nashville locations, and hopefully learn a great deal. As such, I will have intermittent access to the blog, and to your questions. Please be patient concerning any replies, and I will try to answer questions either at sporadic times during the event, or when I return mid-week. As well, let me know if you have any questions about admissions for the SEC group. I cannot promise any answers, but I can share your thoughts. Go Dawgs!

Women of the Odyssey Essays - 1488 Words

The Women of the Odyssey Many people regard Homer’s epics as war stories—stories about men; those people often overlook the important roles that women play in the Odyssey. While there are not many female characters in the Odyssey, the few that there are, play pivotal roles in the story and one can gain a lot of insight by analyzing how those women are portrayed. Homer portrays the females in contradictory ways: the characters of Athena and Eurykleia are given strong, admirable roles while Melantho, the Sirens and Circe are depicted in a much more negative way. Penelope—the central female character—is given both negative and positive attributes. Athena, the grey-eyed goddess of wisdom and battle, has a soft spot for†¦show more content†¦While Athena is divine, she is still a central female character and the way in which she is portrayed makes an impact on the way Homer’s women are perceived. Another female who is portrayed in a very positive light is Odysseusâ€℠¢ and Telemachos’ old nurse, Eurykleia. Eurykleia is repeatedly shown to be noble and extraordinarily devoted. Laertes, Odysseus’ father, in fact, favored her as much as his own wife. Also, Homer says that she loves Telemachos more than any other servant does. These traits are admirable and again show the female as virtuous. Like Penelope, Eurykleia is described as â€Å"shining among women†; a trait which, while not exactly virtuous, is positive. Homer also gives Eurykleia traits which are stereotypically male. She is commanding and can keep the other servants in line: â€Å"she spoke, and they listened well to her, and obeyed†¦Ã¢â‚¬  ( XX, 157). Eurykleia plays a minor role, but still contributes to the favorable view of women in the Odyssey. Other women in the Odyssey are not portrayed as well as Athena and Eurykleia. Melantho, for example, is one of the debauched maids in Ithaka. She is rude and inhospitable to Odysseus when he is disguised as a begga r. She says to him: â€Å"Wretched stranger, you must be one whose wits are distracted, when you will not go where the smith is at work, and sleep there, or to some public gathering place, but staying here speak out boldly†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (XVIII, 327-330). She is alsoShow MoreRelatedWomen in the Odyssey1646 Words   |  7 PagesWomen form an important part of each society, however their role and importance to its function are often times overlooked. Society is/was organized and directed by men. All of the most important positions and purposes within it`s routine were filled by males. This societal organization is often times reflected in many pieces of literature of various time periods, however there are texts in which contrary to the patriarchal society models, women are given substantial importance within the plot. Homer`sRead MoreThe Odyssey : The Role Of Women In Homers Odyssey966 Words   |  4 Pagesinteractions. The Odyssey portrays what is right or wrong in relationships b etween god and mortal, father and son, and man and woman. In the epic poem, the role of women is a vital demonstration of Ancient Greece. The women in the epic are unique in their personality, motives, and relationships towards men. In Homers, The Odyssey, all women are different, but all of them help to represent the role of the ideal woman. Homers epic describes the world of women in Ancient Greece, a time where women were seenRead MoreThe Odyssey And Trojan Women1684 Words   |  7 Pagesbetween them Greek poet Homer and tragedian playwright Euripides explore many of the same themes in their works the Odyssey and Trojan Women (written by each respectively). Both works are inspired by the events of 12th Century BCE Trojan War that Homer previously explored in the Iliad. The two examine the worth of cunning over brute strength, the dangers of temptation and the role of women in their respective time periods. Despite having extremely similar central ideas, the techniques employed by eachRead MoreThe Force of Women in The Odyssey632 Words   |  3 PagesThe Force of Women in The Odyssey To the average person, The Odyssey is a Greek tale about a man, Odysseus, just trying to find his way home. However, it is much more than an entertaining tale of a man, gods, and monsters. It serves as a cultural exemplar of different kinds of people, roles, and relationships of ancient Greece, including the role of women. In The Odyssey, women are often portrayed as suasive and strong people, prime examples being Athena, Arete, and Penelope. Athena, the goddessRead MoreEssay on Women in The Odyssey702 Words   |  3 PagesWomen in The Odyssey In The Odyssey the main character, Odysseus, meets and entertains an impressive array of women. All of the women that he meets are very different and have different personalities and Homer clearly states his attitude towards each of the women. Some of the women are seen as essentially good or essentially bad. It is also clear that Homer adopts a sexist attitude towards the women in his novel. In The Odyssey women are generally portrayed as manipulative and deceitfulRead MoreWomen Of The Odyssey And Lysistrata Essay1328 Words   |  6 Pagesthe beginning of time, women have always been looked down upon mentally. During the time period of The Odyssey and Lysistrata, women were known as less powerful gender. They have never had much say about what goes on around them. Some women were recognized as a sex symbol. In The Odyssey, some women were goddesses that just wanted sex and other women had to stay at home to help raise their kids and do all of the feminine work. Compared to The Odyssey, in Lysistrata, women denied sex against theirRead MoreRole of Women in the Odyssey1201 Words   |  5 PagesThe Role of Women in The Odyssey The Odyssey, by Homer, is an epic poem based on the story of an ancient Greek hero, Odysseus, and his twenty year journey—ten years spent fighting in the Trojan War and the other ten spent traveling home. In the poem, Homer presents the theme of the role and nature of women. Men were the dominant gender in ancient Greece, and women, who were inferior, were only valued for their beauty and their ability to reproduce. However, in this poem, Homer both exemplifiesRead MoreThe Women in The Odyssey Essay975 Words   |  4 PagesWhen reading the epic poem The Odyssey by Homer, modern readers are confronted by a world quite different to their own. The society of the Homeric Greeks was a strong one, with well-defined roles for all members of it. The differences that existed between men and women are quite extreme when first observed at face value: the men went off to war to face the world; the women stayed at home to remain cloistered and protected. While Men and Womens lives take v ery different paths through the story, thereRead MoreWomen in the Illiad and the Odyssey1331 Words   |  6 PagesENG 2423 8A March 21, 2013 Roles of Women in The Iliad and The Odyssey Homer wrote two epic poems, The Iliad and The Odyssey. The Iliad is a tragedy that tells about the battles of the Trojan War. The Odyssey is somewhat of a sequel, the story of Odysseus s travels home after the Trojan War. An article found in â€Å"The American Scholar† states, â€Å" One might begin by asking what both epics, The Iliad and The Odyssey, would be like if there were no women in them. The Trojan war would not haveRead MoreThe Archetype Of Women In The Odyssey775 Words   |  4 Pages In the epic poem The Odyssey, Homer gives women a secondary role to men in a patriarchal society and characterizes women by a double standard. For Instance, Calypso is the archetype for the cunning seductress. Another example is Circe who is also an archetype for a seductress. The last woman is Penelope, the archetype for the loyal wife. These three women are defined by their roles to men. Calypso is portrayed as the archetype for the cunning seductress. When Hermes is sent to tell Calypso to let

Biology Eei Enzymes - 6364 Words

YEAR 11 BIOLOGY EEI YEAR 11 BIOLOGY EEI JOSHUA CURSON JOSHUA CURSON ANIMAL PHYSIOLOGY- ENZYMES ANIMAL PHYSIOLOGY- ENZYMES ------------------------------------------------- THE ENZYME IS MIGHTIER THAN THE SWORD Effects of Temperature on Amylase Activity ABSTRACT: The aim of this EEI was to test the effects of temperature on the activity of the enzyme Amylase. Solutions of starch and amylase were held at selected temperatures by various methods of temperature control. Once the solutions reached and maintained the desired temperature they were combined. Samples at timed intervals were then taken and reacted with a reagent to determine the effect the selected temperatures had on the reaction rate of enzyme and†¦show more content†¦A constant temperature water bath will be needed to maintain temperature. All enzymes and starch solutions will be maintained in the optimum pH so as to ensure a fair test (REFER TO FIG-32). The following is an EEI designed to test the effects of temperature on the activity of the enzyme Amylase. This experiment on enzymes was done to help convey how environmental factors affect the activity of an enzyme. The experiment will revolve around changing one variable (temperature), measuring one variable (color of the samples in the spot plate/reaction rate/time) and keeping everything else the same (optimum pH/volume of reactants and the reagent). To test the effects of temperature on the activity of amylase, solutions of the enzyme and starch will be reacted with each other at controlled temperatures 70oC, 50oC, 37oC, room temperature and 4oC and below. To find out what effect these temperatures have on the activity of the enzyme, a sample of the resulting solution will be taken at allocated times and be placed onto a spot plate where a test for starch will be done by adding iodine reagent. The relative enzyme activity in the spot plate will be assessed as follows: Iodine test for starch | Amount of starch remaining | Enzyme activity level | Yellow/gold | NONE | NORMAL 5 | Light purple/silver/grey | SOME, | MODERATE 4 | Tan/lightShow MoreRelatedHow Heat Affects Lipase1180 Words   |  5 PagesFactors Affecting Enzyme Action ------------------------------------------------- Term 1 Biology Nicole Goosen Table of Contents Introduction: 3 Materials: 3 Method: 4 Risk assignment: 4 Risk: 4 Personal Protective Equipment: 4 Results: 5 Discussion: 5 Conclusion: 6 Introduction: How is the human body able to digest the food that you eat? How quickly your body digests your food? This is because the human body contains enzymes that are the biological substance, a.k.a proteinsRead MoreAn Experimental Investigation On A Bacterial Outbreak3369 Words   |  14 PagesThis is an Extended Experimental Investigation on a bacterial outbreak in a workplace. The key ideas and concept, is based around health and disease with the prevention of bacteria being the key purpose. The intention of the EEI is to develop a scenario which can be modified to demonstrate and test different variables, these variables include, water, soap, anti-bacterial soap and Dettol’s effect on the chosen bacterial outbreak. The chosen bacteria is, Staphylococcus Epidermidis and its effect inRead MoreWine Analysis of Fining Agents Chemistry8372 Words   |  34 Pages16- Graph5. Turbidity over time 9.17- Graph6. Electrical conductivity over time 9.0- Discussion 10.0- Conclusion 11.0- Appendices 12.0- References 13.0- Special Acknowledgments 1.0-Abstract: The construction of this EEI was conducted in accordance to the term 2 context (Wine: an artful process). This report is intended to present the experimental and analytical aspects of wine chemistry with focus on fining agents. By testing these fining agents on wine samples, their

The requisite of a good research in making a good paper Free Essays

In doing this paper, I found the researching more grueling. It is definitely not easy to find out more about the history of Dublin and how they were subjugated by the Britain force. That history is abounding with details that need not only an understanding from the surface. We will write a custom essay sample on The requisite of a good research in making a good paper or any similar topic only for you Order Now I also had to establish the correlation between these historical facts and the literatures of James Joyce which he wrote to reflect these facts. Meticulous research on James Joyce, his biography and his works, were also needed. I needed that to see the personal context where Joyce was coming from in doing Dubliners, the book which I chose to use in this paper. The difficulty of research is certainly coming from the fact that I have to inform myself with various details which I had to put under a careful interpretation. This interpretation needs to be done to see exactly how literature asserts its presence in the material world where separate events maintained by different groups of people also exist. Once I have collated the details I gathered, all that is left for me to do is to streamline and organize these details and see the corpus of information I currently have. From there, I already did my outline which finally gave direction to the paper I wrote. Writing the actual paper is not really hard since I am already equipped with a good amount of information which I have already organized. Once I begun facing the computer monitor, the words I needed instantly come into light and I suddenly found myself done with the paper. In conclusion, doing the research is much harder since this is the first step in doing a well-informed paper. This part of the writing process will determine the information that will be included in the final paper. Definitely, a good paper selects the information it will share and a scrupulous research is needed to refine this selection of information. How to cite The requisite of a good research in making a good paper, Essays

Satyam Scam free essay sample

SATYAM:  BROTHERLY  DEMISE   THE  RISE  AND  FALL  OF  RAMALINGA  RAJU 1 TABLE  OF  CONTENTS      COVER  PAGE      TABLE  OF  CONTENTS      EXECUTIVE  SUMMARY      1. BACKGROUND            2. RAMALINGA  RAJU  AND  THE  SATYAM  SCANDAL                  2. 1  FACTORS  LEADING  TO  THE  FRAUD   2. 2  AFTERMATH  OF  THE  SATYAM  SCANDAL   2. 3  VICTIMS  OF  THE  SCANDAL   2. 4  CORPORATE  GOVERNANCE  ISSUES  AT  SATYAM   2. 5  ETHICAL  DILEMMAS  FACED  BY  RAJU   1. 1  INDIA  IN  THE  GLOBAL  ECONOMY   1. 2  Ã‚   MERGENCE  OF  SATYAM  COMPUTER  SERVICES   E 3. HOSMER’S  SIX  STEP  PROCESS   4. LESSONS  LEARNED   5. RECOMMENDATIONS   8. CONCLUSION 2 EXECUTIVE  SUMMARY   ________________________________________________________      The  Satyam  Computer  Services’  scandal  brought  to  light  the  importance  of  ethics  and  its   relevance  to  corporate  culture. The  fraud  committed  by  the  founders  of  Satyam  is  a  testament   to  the  fact  that  Ã¢â‚¬Å"the  science  of  conduct†Ã‚  is  swayed  in  large  by  human  greed,  ambition,  and   hunger  for  power,  money,  fame  and  glory. Scandals  from  Enron  to  the  recent  financial  crisis   have  time  and  time  again  proven  that  there  is  a  need  for  good  conduct  based  on  strong  ethics. We will write a custom essay sample on Satyam Scam or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page In  this  research  paper,  we  examine  in  detail  the  gross  negligence  of  stakehol der  concerns  and   over  indulgence  of  key  management  on  a  personal  and  organizational  level  in  immoral  practices   for  personal  benefit. We  also  assess  the  implications  of  ethics  in  the  business  environment. We   then  delve  into  the  ethical  dilemmas  faced  by  the  executives  at  Satyam,  apply  Hosmer’s   framework  to  moral  decision? making,  and  suggest  alternatives  to  handle  such  moral   uncertainties. Finally,  we  conclude  by  providing  recommendations  for  ethical  code  of  conduct   in  organizations  and  the  need  to  foster  a  culture  of  integrity  and  trust. 1. BACKGROUND   ___________________________________________      In  order  to  evaluate  and  understand  the  severity  of  Saytam’s  fraud,  it  is  important  to   understand  factors  that  contributed  to  the  decisions  made  by  the  company’s  executives. First,  it   is  important  to  understand  India’s  economic  growth  within  the  context  of  the  global  economy. Second,  it  is  necessary  to  detail  the  rise  of  Satyam  as  a  competitor  within  the  global  IT  services   marketplace.   And,  finally,  it  is  helpful  to  evaluate  the  driving  force  behind  Satyamâ€℠¢s  decisions:   Ramalinga  Raju. 1. 1 INDIA  IN  THE  GLOBAL  ECONOMY,  2003? PRESENT   ___________________________________________________   Brazil,  Russia,  India  and  China  have  solidified  their  place  in  the  global  economy. Posited  by   Goldman  Sachs  chief  economist,  Jim  O’Neil,  these  nations,  commonly  referred  to  as  the  BRIC   Nations,  were  believed  to  emerge  as  the  four  dominant  emerging  economies  of  the  twenty? first   century. i  Ã‚  In  2003,  they  possessed  one? uarter  of  the  world’s  land  coverage;  approximately  45%   of  the  world’s  population;  and  a  collective  gross  domestic  product  of  $3. 3  trillion. ii  Ã‚  By  2009, these  nations  nearly  tripled  their  gross  domestic  product. iii  Ã‚  Together,  the  BRIC  Nat ions  are  now   the  largest  bloc  of  emerging  national  economies  within  the  global  economy,  outperforming   other  emerging  markets  worldwide. By  2025,  economists  have  predicted  these  four  economies   would  be  half  the  size  of  the  combined  G6  (USA,  Japan,  Britain,  German,  France  and  Italy)  and,   by  2039,  could  overtake  the  G6. v  Ã‚  They  are  fixtures  in  today’s  global  economy. Geo? political  risks,  increasing  income  inequality,  and  structural  constraints  in  these  four   economies  notwithstanding,  globalization  has  contributed  significantly  to  their  economic   growth. India  has  benefited  immensely. Its  gross  domestic  product  (current  dollars)  has  grown   at  a  compound  annual  growth  rate  of  14%  since  2003. v  Ã‚  Today,  its  population  stands  at  1. 2   3 billion  people,  a  2%  compound  annual  growth  rate  over  the  last  six  years. i  Ã‚  Given  its  ability  to   sustain  productivity  as  its  population  grows  in  size  and  skill,  India’s  attractiveness  as  an   emerging  market  is  evident. Deregulation  policies  adopted  by  the  Government  of  India  have  led   to  substantial  domestic  investment  and  inflow  of  foreign  capital  to  this  industry. It  has  drawn   nearly  $90  billion  in  foreign  direct  investmentvii,  and  of  that  amount,  approximately  28%  was   achieved  between  April  2009  and  Feb  2010. viii  In  the  last  ten  years  the  Information  Technology   industry  in  India  has  grown  at  an  average  annual  rate  of  30%. Exports  contribute  to  around  75%

Thе Quеst for Knowlеdgе and Progrеss by Josе Arcadio Bundia

ThÐ µ QuÐ µst for KnowlÐ µdgÐ µ and ProgrÐ µss by JosÐ µ Arcadio Bundia idÐ µa of anti-solidarity in thÐ µ community. According to thÐ µ critics, solitudÐ µ comÐ µs from thÐ µ lack of solidarity in Macondo, thÐ µ solitudÐ µ which rÐ µsults whÐ µn Ð µvÐ µryonÐ µ is acting for himsÐ µlf (Santi 182). In othÐ µr words, thÐ µ novÐ µl dramatizÐ µs solitudÐ µ as a nÐ µgation of solidarity.

The Ancient Myths about Athena

The Ancient Myths about Athena In his mythology (The Age of Fable: Vols. I II: Stories of Gods and Heroes. 1913), Thomas Bulfinch uses the Roman name Minerva for the Greek goddess Athena. Chapters from Bulfinch that Feature Athena: Chapter 14Arachne and the Weaving Contest With AthenaThe beginning of this chapter details Athenas skills, her special connection with Athens, and her birth from the head of her father Zeus. The chapter goes on to describe a contest between a mortal woman, Arachne, and Athena. It follows with another challenge made by a mortal against a goddess, but the goddess is not Athena.Chapter 15MedusaBulfinch has already identified Athena in the previous chapter, so in this one, Athena is introduced as the goddess challenged by Medusa to a beauty contest. Regardless of who was more beautiful, Athena had to punish Medusa, which she did by turning her into a monster. Then, when the hero Perseus goes off to slay the monster, Athena comes to his assistance by lending him her shield the one he uses as a mirror so he can decapitate without being turned to stoneChapter 30Odysseus and AthenaIn this chapter, Bulfinch is describing the adventures of Odysseus. Odysseus has returned to Ithaca but doesnt recognize it until Athena in disguise tells him where he is. The chapter describes Odysseus return to his home where he finds and eventually slays the suitors who have been harassing his wife. Elsewhere in Bulfinch, Athena plays minor roles: Chapter 16Athena invents thunderbolts and deals with the winged horse Pegasus.Chapter 20Theseus blames Athena for abandoning Ariadne and sets up the Panathenaea to honor her.Chapter 2Here Athena helps Prometheus steal fire to give to mankind.Chapter 19Athena and Hermes accompany Hercules to the Underworld.Chapter 7In this chapter, Bulfinch invents a conversation between Aphrodite and her son in which she names Athena as one who defies her.

Thomas a Kempiions, The Imitation of Christ(Book2) Essay

Thomas a Kempiions, The Imitation of Christ(Book2) - Essay Example The book had been written at much more troubled time than our own and makes a soulful reading. Book 2 touches meditation, humility in life, the need of goodness and peace in man to live life on this earth, necessity of purity of mind and heard and unity of purpose etc. It mainly focuses on self of the reader and the resultant happiness by having a good conscience. It reminds the necessity of loving Jesus, friendship with Jesus, and not desiring to have a share in comfort. It teaches how to appreciate God's grace and his blessings. It preaches the need to love the cross as the symbol of sacrifice and suffering and choose the path on the 'Royal Road' of the Holy Cross. The main point of the book is "God is within you" and the necessity of despising external things. "He who follows me, walks not in darkness" The Treatise says that by devoting self and making the inner kingdom ready for Christ, an individual can invite God to himself2. The first chapter calls for the renouncement of all external worldly belongings to devote time and energy for the spiritual devotion and heavenly thoughts3. The second chapter is about its humility and its uses4 and how much God loves a humble individual. It says that the humble man keeps his conscience clear, suffers in silence, and finds the protection of the God5. The third chapter mainly talks about the goodness and peace in man. ... It says how important it is to be good even to bad people, because it is easy to be nice to the good and difficult to tolerate the bad. Unless one has inner peace, it is impossible to achieve peace for others. It needs great mental strength to treat both kinds of people with the same understanding7. The fourth chapter is about the purity of mind and unity of purpose and it brings forth the importance of simplicity and purity and the need to be free from ill-ordered affection. If the heart is pure any deed could be achieved and anything could be perceived with great clarity8. With pure heart, it is possible to achieve all the joy in the world. Fear of toil, welcoming external comfort, and growing lax will make the individual more sluggish. Instead, he should welcome suffering to attain inner light9. Chapter 5 is about self and the about the need to put our inner house in order, hold tongues about others10, and avoid relying too much on self. It is it is necessary to free self from all temporal cares and treat everything on equal footing11 and regard only God as the superlative of all. The sixth chapter is about the joy of a good conscience12, which is the glory of a good man. Sinners can never rejoice and there is no peace for the wicked and this shows how important it is to maintain a clear, non-reproaching conscience13. It is necessary for the man to think inwardly with good motives, without caring for praise or blame, to do good and think little about it14. The seventh chapter is mainly about loving the God, who is the ultimate true friend, and it is necessary to cling to him till the final breath because Jesus needs your pure heart15. All other outward appearances in which we trust will show one day that they are deceitful and untrustworthy. Chapter 8 once

Financial Management Individual Work 1 Week 6 Essay

Financial Management Individual Work 1 Week 6 - Essay Example In this case, operating leverage reflects the intensification of the upper part of the revenue statement with the fixed costs being the costs of business procedure and that are not affected by alterations in sales. Within financial and income aspects of any business, working income is a component of business risk. For instance, with two indistinguishable firms and one firm utilizes higher operating advantage with all other things remaining constant, the firm experiences less predictable return on asset and operating income, and this results to elevated risks to the business. With an elevated business threat, the stock- and bondholder are affected (Brigham & Ehrhardt, 2010). Financial leverage involves the degree of utilization of fixed charge securities within the capital structure of a given firm. High financial leverage occurs when the capital structure of a firm is characterized by elevated debts and preferred stock. In this case, the extent of entity sales characterized by equal costs and revenue presents the breakeven point and breakeven analysis can be done with or without financial costs (Brigham & Ehrhardt, 2010). This way, the financial leverage represents the underside half of the revenue statement entails changes in EPS relative to alterations of EBIT. Financial leverage accounts for some aspect of corporation risk through debt financing. Through debt financing, a business is prone to variations in earnings prior to taxation after interests thus elevating earnings per share and the net income. Corporate risk is thus a summation of business risk and financial risk. Modigliani and Miller revealed that whether leveraged or not, firms should have equal value in the absence of taxes and other costs. Further, organizational value and weighted standard capital costs will be free of the capital structure (Brigham & Ehrhardt, 2010). Consequently, constant

Abortion In Natural Moral Law And Utilitarian Ethics Philosophy Essay

Abortion In Natural Moral Law And Utilitarian Ethics Philosophy Essay The current ethical issue of abortion is a broad and complex ethical issue which can be approached from many moral and ethical directions. Two such directions can be the deontological Natural Moral Law and the teleological or consequentialist Utilitarian ethics. Abortion, from the Latin aborior, to pass away, is an induced termination of a pregnancy. Historically, as today, an abortion is the focal point of much controversy. The laws governing abortion have changed considerably in the last fifty years to accommodate abortion as an option for a pregnant woman. A landmark US case giving a mother right to wilful abortion occurred in 1973 set in motion by a woman called Jane Roe in Dallas, Texas. Roe wished to terminate her pregnancy, but in Texas at the time, only victims of rape or incest could procure a legal abortion. The case reached the Supreme Court where the judges ruled that abortion was a constitutional right to women, overturning laws in every state which denied abortion to women through medically qualified doctors. Abortion is now legally allowed in many western countries for women. Since the legality of abortions came into effect, much debate has occurred from opposite so called pro-choice and pro-life groups, gathering many argumen ts from both deontological and teleological ethics. Utilitarianism  is the idea that the  moral worth  of an action is determined solely by its contribution to overall  utility: that is, its contribution to happiness or pleasure as summed among all people.  [1]   Utilitarianism places no emphasis on whether an action is right or wrong, right is only so once the pleasure has been decided to outweigh the pain in the circumstances resulting from the decision. Pleasure, in early Utilitarian thinking, was only concerned with the physical, e.g. being well fed. John Stuart Mill later argued that pleasure was also quantifiable in intellectual and spiritual terms. These higher pleasures he argued outweighed the lower pleasures. Mill proposed, for example being well fed, at the expense of a mans spirituality was a lesser pleasure, and in effect, not as right as a spiritually enlightened man who was hungry. The hungry man experiences higher pleasure, as spiritual enlightenment lasts significantly longer than the feeling of being well fed. Consequentialist Utilitarians would argue that abortion is an entirely neutral act. The consequences resulting from the abortion determine the rightness. A specific system of measuring the pleasure against pain can be utilised called Hedonic Calculus. Hedonic Calculus first proposed by Jeremy Bentham, measures pleasure/pain through eight categories: Certainty Duration Extent   Intensity   Remoteness   Richness Purity  [2]   This calculus subjectively determines if the pain outweighs the pleasure in a scenario of a potential abortion. A mother may need an abortion to save her own life if it is in peril due to her pregnancy, she cannot afford to leave her children motherless. This scenario, shown through Hedonic Calculus allows abortion to be the right choice as 1. There is a high certainty the mother will die, 2. The duration of mourning for the family would be very long as would the duration of risk to her other children, 3. The pain and suffering for her surviving family would be very great and so on. A different scenario in which the mother seeks an abortion so she can go on a holiday would be morally wrong as from categories: 2. the pleasure of a child will last years compared to that of a comparatively short holiday, 4. The intensity of the pleasure of a child is much greater and higher significance as it is emotional and spiritual than a physical and emotional holiday. The taking of a life can be justified in Utilitarianism as there are no standing rules of what is right or wrong for a general scenario, i.e. abortion. Every circumstance is different and warrants a separate evaluation to determine the correct action. Natural law is a branch of deontological ethics, deon meaning duty in Latin. Natural law  or the  law of nature  is a theory that posits the existence of a law whose content is set by  nature  and that therefore has validity everywhere.  [3]  These laws, created by God, are discernible to all peoples and are thought of as moral absolutes, natural moral law theory implies that we  discover  morality we do not  invent  it,  (J.P. Moreland, What Is Natural Moral Law). It is mans duty to be rational, and as God is rational too, it is rational that humans must love God. Thomas Aquinas, a figurehead for natural moral law proposed five primary precepts and other secondary precepts. The primary precepts proposed where: The continuation of the species through procreation The education of children The desire to live in society The worship of God The preservation of the self These precepts are considered in natural moral law to be the most basic aspirations of all humans. Aquinas believed that all humans wished to do good and follow the precepts but through ignorance to the Natural Moral Law, some could do wrong. Aquinas argued that good ethical decisions could be arrived at by reason alone. Humans have the power of deducing what is good and what is wrong through application of their conscience. Natural Law, being deontological, imposes inalienable rules that cannot be broken. Natural Law can be seen as order provided by nature which exists for a purpose. A common criticism of Utilitarianism would be the difficulty of its real world application. The theory of a decision may be morally sound, but the limitless unexpected permutations prevent proper ethical conduct from occurring once theory is put to practice. The Tribunal of the Holy Office, a catholic authority was once queried on the 4th of May, 1898 as to whether a foetus was allowed to be removed from its womb before natural course did so. The tribunal resolved that there was no exception to natural birth, even inducing premature labour with the intention of saving the babys life. However, if life saving surgery were to be performed on the mother, which would have consequences on the growing foetus, it should not be maintained that the fetal(sic)  life  is thereby directly attacked. The  evil  is not made a means to obtain the  good  effect; for this would be to do  evil  that  good  might come of it.  [4]   This fulfils the Natural Law requirement of the act of being good as separate from the concept of doing good. To be morally correct, one must not embark on a course of action which is right purely to obtain an evil or vain end. The right must be to cause neutral or correct consequences. This certainty of rules and moral action allows the system of Natural Law to be an unquestionable authority if placed alongside Utilitarian ethics which are in permanent flux. The Catholic Church supports the notion of ensoulment, where at conception a foetus is given a soul by God. A soul is viewed as a separate form to the physical body, but is linked inextricably until death. The act of abortion goes against the first precept of Natural Law, denying the continuation of the species through abortion. Even if that abortion would lead to saving a life, the authority to kill a foetus does not rest in humans hands. It is inhumane to end the life of a baby, as natural law theory holds;  one may never directly intend to kill an innocent human being  [5]  . After conception, Natural Law argues that the foetus is human so is equal in right to life as its mother. There is no greater worth placed on the mother living than the child as both are considered equal. Utilitarianism would argue against the inflexibility of the rules of Natural Law regarding to the preservation of a childs life. Utilitarians would argue that greater suffering may be caused by the preservation of a foetus life. The mother of the child may be a chronic drug addict, and the chances of the baby growing up disadvantaged are high. It could be argued that the mother may not be fit to care for a child and the child would suffer a hard life, through mal-parenting and possible separation from the mother in later years. A possible course of action would be a wilful abortion by the mother to prevent suffering of a child. The rigidity of Natural Law allows no exceptions to be made, even if the pleasure resulting from an abortion vastly outweighs the pain. This rigidity of laws could cause unnecessary harm to many people. Correct decision making can stem from both deontological and consequentialist ethics. While Natural Moral Law argues that the laws of nature are absolute, Utilitarianism argues that no laws constantly serve the greatest good, and only through flexibility can good be achieved. The primary precepts of Natural Law indicate clearly that abortion is wrong so far as the taking of an innocent life, and interrupting the natural result of procreation. Utilitarianism states that abortion, like all actions is an entirely neutral act until the consequences are evaluated. Both ethical systems allow an opportunity for an individual to formulate an understanding of, and ethically right decision on abortion.

Education reforms Essay

The problems experienced in the K-12 level of education in U. S. A today are a serious threat to the health of the economy and the future prosperity of society in general. The quality of education is deteriorating though the government has increased funding by 44 percent. â€Å"A rising tide of mediocrity† as reported by the federal commission was the key factor that causes the K-12 education to deteriorate (Kurt 2003). There are no parental choice programs that give them the power to make decisions on how the school should be run. The children are assigned to schools that are nearer to their place of residence and this is based on zoning rules. Another problem is that public schools are performing below the standard and they are not held accountable for their performance. â€Å"The schools are lacking incentive to improve quality or take control of the costs for they are protected by the education act of the government. † (The Washington Post 2008 April 3) The private and religious schools are performing well as opposed to the public schools and this has a negative significance to the students who are enrolled in public schools. Due to the problems discussed above then the government must address the bureaucratic structure reform and especially the public education. For the discussed problems I would advocate for empowering of parents so that they will ensure that students are served better than the administration. They will also be allowed to transfer their children from the schools that are not performing and consequently this will compel the school to improve their quality. The government should ensure that public school are performing and more so come up with strategies that will enable them to perform. The reform will make the schools to be more resourceful with their finances and follow the curriculum accordingly. In his recent public speech, Senator McCain noted that â€Å"markets have losers and winners and United States of America cannot afford any losers in a game of educational roulette. † (The New York Times 2008 July 14). The choice of programs will allow parents to take their children to schools within or outside the districts depending on the performance. There should be also introduction of charter schools which are publicly funded but managed by private officers. â€Å"The bureaucratic systems that prevent funds from reaching the teaching fraternity should be abolished. † (William B. 2007) The two presidential candidates have realized that the deterioration of America’s educational system will be a major concern as for the voters. They have therefore come up with various proposals to reform K-12 education once they get into power. Senator Barrack Obama will establish national standards by ensuring that national tests are done on a voluntary basis. He also promises to empower parents to improve the educational quality and academic achievement. On the other hand, Senator McCain proposed that parents will be allowed to use the proceeds to reform K-12 education as well as pay for their children’s university fees. This is an idea that was rejected by President Clinton but McCain wants to reintroduce the bill. In The New York Times dated 14th July 2008, â€Å"there was an agreement by school officials that vouchers foster competition and thereby force public schools to improve. † Also in The Washington Post dated 3rd April 2008 it was noted that â€Å"new choices in education have sent a powerful message to schools and prompt some of them to acknowledge a threat of competition. † To summarize, it is clear that public schools are providing substandard education to the students. It is because of this reason that there is need to address the bureaucratic structure of schools that does not put the interests of the learners at heart. References Greenwood C. (2008 April 3) K-12 education reforms. The Washington Post. Kurt Finsterbusch (2003) Annual Editions: Social Problems. New York: McGraw-Hill Higher Education William George Bruce (2007)The American School Board Journal Michigan: National School Boards Association A Smith,(2008 July 14) Bureaucratic System of Education. The New York Times.

Juvenile Delinquency Essay - 1827 Words

Juvenile Delinquency There is no doubt that various experts can give us many theories as to the causes of juvenile delinquency, including ones economic background, substance abuse, delinquent peer groups, repeated exposure to violence, increased availability of firearms and media violence. However, I feel that the number one cause of juvenile delinquency is the breakdown of families, including lack of parental control over children. It is ironic in America, today, one must have a drivers license to operate a vehicle, a permit to own a gun and even a license to own a dog, but one does not have to have training or a license in order to become a parent. Without specialized educational programs in child development and parenting, many of†¦show more content†¦Experts agree they are generally three parenting styles that reportedly escalate these conflicts. The authoritarian parent tends to emphasize rules and very harsh consequences. There is little room for discussion or negotiation. The indulgent parent tends to spoil the child and expects little or no responsibility at home, choosing instead to clean up after the child both at home and in his social misbehavior. The indifferent parent is so preoccupied with his/her own life and activities that little time and energy is given to either involvement or appropriate structure. The type of parenting that does work is simply called authoritative parenting. This type of parent assumes a role of authority in the childs life, but the rules and structure are sensible and flexible to accommodate the childs growth toward adolescence and young adulthood. The parents intelligent explanations of the rules plus reasonable enforcement help to maintain a steady reduction of control as the child matures. Studies have been made to determine the causes of juvenile delinquency. Many of these studies have focused on family relationships. In one study, comparing delinquent and non-delinquent youths showed that over ninety percent of the delinquents had unhappy home lives and felt discontented with their life circumstances. Only thirteen percent of the non-delinquentShow MoreRelatedJuvenile Delinquency1154 Words   |  5 PagesDiscussion In common parlance, there is an understanding of juvenile delinquency as meaning adolescents breaking the law or participating in mischievous behavior. Defining juveniles as being under the age of 18 years is the general rule of thumb because, in the current legal system, upon reaching this age individuals can be tried as adults, serve in the military, and, in some states, consume alcohol. 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Qualifications Market Essay Online For Free - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 12 Words: 3578 Downloads: 2 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Education Essay Type Research paper Did you like this example? Linear programmes of learning are where students gain their qualification largely through exams at the end of their study rather than through a series of modules. This means that, unlike a modular system, separate elements cannot be retaken to gain a higher qualification if necessary. This has been interpreted in terms of stretch and challenge within teaching and learning, in which higher order learning is developed within the existing framework of the subject. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Qualifications Market Essay Online For Free" essay for you Create order There is concern that this stretch and challenge within the delivery of teaching material may not be reflected in the assessments, and the fact that there are different organisations awarding qualifications may affect the extent to which this increased challenge for more able students can be achieved in practice. This concern rests largely on the possibility that the greater demands placed on students may result in greater variation in how these may be assessed and delivered for all students owing to the differences in exam boards syllabuses. This potentially opens up greater variation in the qualifications market. There are differences between subjects in the extent to which such changes make the linear A-levels more challenging. In Geography, there is a perception that the removal of the coursework element of the learning experience makes the subject less challenging and that this reduces extent to which the essential fieldwork skills are taught. In GCSE, it has been argued that there is an increased focus on teaching and learning for the demands of the examination, and an increase in content leads to a loss of depth of study in some subjects such as English. Linear assessment was, however, seen as a way in which deeper and longer-lasting learning may be developed, particularly when related to subject-specific skills. The decoupling of AS levels means that AS results may not count towards an A level as they do at present. This means that AS level courses may be changed to be taught alongside the first year of A-levels, rather than contributing to the actual A-level course. This means that there is a need to provide separate syllabuses for the AS courses when compared to the A-level course, and there may be limited benefit to having AS and A-levels in the same subject. This increases the burden of developing different syllabuses for the same subject upon the qualifications, which means the qualifications market may respond through a decreased number of s ubjects being provided by the type of qualification bodies. However, this means that there is still an opportunity for students to undertake a range of subjects, permitting a balanced curriculum to be developed. Several subjects have thus been removed from GCSE, AS and A-level and the content has been included in other subjects. It is currently too early to state whether the changes in the qualifications will substantively affect the makeup of the qualifications market, but the current research indicate that confidence in the validity of these qualifications is not as high as it might be. It is important to review the effect that these changes will have when the first qualifications are presented in 2016. Question 2: How are awarding bodies responding to the rise in the number of schools choosing PreUs, IGCSEs and IB qualifications over GCSEs and A-levels? A drawback with the current A-level and GCSE format is that it is elective, which can then lead to narrow programmes of study after the age of 16. There are also significant differences between the vocational and academic curriculum. Attempts to challenge this occurred in the 2000s with the provision of broader uptake of A-level programmes, where it was argued that students would take up to five subjects in their first year of study. Applied GCSEs were introduced in 2002, but rather than this being used to broaden individual students work, these changes were more frequently used to create an alternative curriculum for those who were seen as unable to follow a full GCSE programme. Not all alternative qualifications have shown an increased uptake: the number of schools opting for the International Baccalaureate Diploma Programme (IBDP) peaked at about 230 schools in 2010 but has since declined, despite the fact that this is not matched by a decline in other countries. University reco gnition of IBDP programmes has been argued to prove a significant problem with its provision, with the fact that the recognition of A-levels has resulted in a decline. The formation of the National Baccalaureate has been one response to the increased focus on these awarding mechanisms. This responds to the advantages that other qualifications have over traditional UK qualifications by providing an award that may be more internationally recognised and includes broader aspects to its format. For example, it can include personal development programmes and an extended project, as well as extending the study of Maths and English to 18 years. This might measure wider learning, and allow personal achievements alongside traditional subjects to be recognised. However, there is an extent to which this challenges some of the wider advantages of the existing qualification system. The A-level system is considered relatively resilient because it has a close alignment with the single-honour system at university. Subject broadening would be argued to dilute subject content. The reforms in 2016 represent perhaps an approach to the broadening of content by ensuring that the benefits of A-levels are capitalised upon, rather than attempts to broaden their content, allowing for students to be better prepared for university. The adoption of the Extended Project Qualification or of the Critical Thinking module represents one way in which examination bodies have responded to these challenges. However, given the experience of modular A-levels, which tended to produce a broader education with limited depth, the focus seems to be upon ensuring that the benefits of A-levels are not diluted, while continuing to provide a choice of modules through AS levels in order to provide the benefits of a rigorous education. Many schools migrating to IGCSEs have done so because of changes in the GCSE examinations in 2009. For example, these placed greater emphasis upon completing coursework in controlled conditions, which imposes a burden upon the schools, and many schools believed that IGCSEs presented a more rigorous assessment. Changes to the rigour of exams in the system of 2016 can be seen as a response to this perception. Question 3: What has been the impact on the qualifications market of the Governments decision to exclude IGCSEs from league tables? The impact of the governments decision to exclude IGCSEs from league tables has been problematic as the result is to condemn well-performing schools to the bottom of the league table. Few would argue that schools such as Westminster, Eton College or Harrow are poor-performing schools, but the result has been to show that their pupils did not reach the benchmark of A* to C grades. This undermines the impact of league tables and makes them a lower indication of the quality of an institution. It is also unlikely to encourage such schools to return to the state-approved national qualification market. This then makes the extent to which the league tables can be trusted questionable. This also potentially gives some of the more prominent independent schools an advantage because the reputation of many of the most famous schools is given precedence over the league tables, and the fact that the league tables no longer reflect this difference is well known. For the less well-known independen t schools, this may be an advantage in one sense because a mediocre placing will not be noted by the changes in the league tables, but this may also mean that some observers will interpret their position as actually reflecting their true place. The qualifications market is thus undermined by the lack of clarity in comparable results. Given that State schools do not follow IGCSEs, the result is to accentuate the differences between state and independent schools. This undermines the extent to which parents may compare the performances of different schools according to the league tables. The fact that a number of independent schools continue to support IGCSEs, including the most high-performing schools in the country, means that unless there is a large-scale abandonment of the IGCSE programme, then there will continue to be a two-tier system of results, and schools tend not to move at whim, and particularly if they are not substantively suffering from the impact of the change. This may mean that alternative publications will need to be created that compare the results of IGCSEs with the results of the GCSE league tables, and essentially re-insert these schools into the system. The removal of IGCSEs from the league tables has essentially backfired in this case because it has not devalued the IGCSE, nor drawn attention to the GCSE as a more rigorous form of study. Indeed, the reason that is commonly given for independent schools that follow IGCSEs is the greater choice it gives them, and the more rigorous approach it offers to learning. This means that the qualifications market takes note of these differences and there are thus limited effects that can take place as a result of this change. This would not be the case were it not for the fact that some of the most prominent supporters of IGCSE are well-known to be excellent schools, and therefore the league tables make it very difficult to distinguish between a lesser-known but well-performing school and a poo rly performing school. Either the schools should be excluded altogether or a separate table should be provided for this category. Question 4: What steps can be taken to overcome the challenges standing in the way of new providers entering the exams market, such as the perceived quality of exam boards, identified by Ofqual? Schools tend to choose the exam board largely on the perceived quality of the syllabus provided by the exam board, rather than the price. The decision to select an exam board is usually made by the head teacher of a subject who is usually not involved in the financial planning of the school. Schools are less likely to switch based on price without ascertaining that the quality of the exam board is high enough, and in order to do this a history of the examination board provision is required. The barriers to entry are high because of the non-negligible fixed sunk costs: firstly, products need to be adapted to specifications and regulatory compliance that is relatively high. Secondly, there would need to be an extensive investment in reputation in order to encourage the naturally-risk-averse schools to choose the exam board. There are also high costs associated with the possibility that something may go wrong. This means that competition between exam boards is periodic, and thus ta kes place at breaking points in the market, such as where there is a change in specification, or where a serious error by one exam board causes school to choose another. There are some dangers in allowing competition on quality rather than price, as should syllabuses be offered that focus on helping students to pass, a scenario known as the race to the bottom may develop. Ofquals intervention in the market would reduce the risk that this poses. There is no likelihood that there would be competition based on price in the near future, although the fact that most schools believe that the existing scenario offers reasonable value for money may suggest that examination boards will not wish to increase prices significantly. The most likely outcome is that there may be competition created on the variety provided by the syllabus, and therefore there may be room for alternatives that are based upon the interests and desires of different heads of department. Furthermore, if the market rema ins significantly regulated, then this may facilitate market sharing between boards and reduce the possibility of new entrants into the exam market, and this would also reduce the likelihood of new entrants. However, differentiation in the provision of exam boards will provide the opportunity for new entrants to attract schools. This would be less likely to happen if the subject content were closely regulated as syllabuses would need to be relatively similar between examination boards. As such, limited steps may be taken to overcome the entrance of new examination boards to the qualification markets while the provision of syllabuses remains regulated. The startup costs for a new board would appear to be too costly; the fact that schools rarely change syllabus, and the fact that they judge exam boards on the quality of the service provision relating to their previous performance in the field, may undermine this possibility. Allowing greater variation in the type of syllabus provid ed would seem the only way in which more diversity in products may be provided, and this would seem to be the most likely way in which the market may be developed. Question 5: Would introducing a single awarding body per qualification, as suggested by the Government, address concerns that competition is affecting the quality of exams? What other options should be considered? There are a number of advantages to the use of a variety of exam boards. The choice that this gives the schools in terms of the syllabus used is a significant benefit. The fact that this spreads the risk between different boards is also an advantage for any problems that may arise. The existence of a close regulation and monitoring between different boards allows there to be a close parity between awarding bodies, and this helps allow the schools to have choice in the type of exams they undertake, while still allowing for there to be variation and choice in how they do so. Each exam board also holds an incentive to raise the quality of the service they provide because a failure to do so results in a loss of business. The problem with regulation concerning the syllabus is that to an extent this disrupts the extent to which competition may be seen between exam boards. It can be seen as an inefficient method, given the similarities across subjects offered between different exam boa rds. For example, while a wide range of set texts are mandated by the government, there are limited possibilities for qualifications to alter their delivery. This means that there is an extent to which the provision of different qualifications can involve essentially providing the same qualification across different exam boards without affecting the product provided. The result is for exam boards to compete on style, and it is questionable as to how much difference in content may be provided. Despite this, the existing model is preferred and enjoyed by schools that believe that choice is provided to a sufficient extent. In particular, there is the extent to which schools may shift examination board should there be a real or perceived problem with the marking system. Likewise, the differences in how the syllabus is provided and the type of examinations offered, while being of the same standard, may offer alternatives that correspond more closely to the schools own preferences. Concerns that there may be competition that affects the quality of exams may be challenged to an extent. Moderation may undermine the extent to which exams are different between examination boards. Competition is largely on the provision of syllabus content and quality and does not appear to function on the basis of examination quality. Furthermore, there seems to be minimal evidence that schools adopt the examination board simply on the basis of the simplicity of examinations or to better their chances. Among other choices that might be considered is for exams to be marked centrally in order to address concerns over the possibility that there may be variation. However, this would restrict the individual exam boards choice to move board should they dispute a marking method or result. Secondly, the marking schemes between examination boards may be externally moderated and set in order to provide a comparable standard between boards. However, a case may be made for some core subjec ts to be centralised, as in some areas, such as Mathematics and English, there is limited choice between the subjects set between boards, and some of the syllabuses are sufficiently similar for there to be a strong imperative towards a central board. This argument may not be so persuasive in other subjects because there is less centralisation. Question 6: What impact has the new process for endorsing learning resources introduced last year had on the public confidence in endorsement arrangements for learning materials? The concerns that affected the existing system for the endorsement of learning resources include a range of issues. In particular, there is concern regarding the extent to which the existing resources written by examiners may compromise the predictability and confidentiality of assessments.. Therefore, the new method is intended to support the learning and teaching of a specific qualification without impinging negatively upon the standards of the qualification. Awarding organisations must publish the criteria they use in order to manage the risks of the qualification standards. This may mean that any real or perceived conflicts of interest are being managed effectively. In any case, students reliance upon examiner-authored resources may prove restrictive, and where textbooks are associated with these authors, schools are more likely to buy such textbooks. The current ruling does not exclude those who write such textbooks and those who publish them. Senior examiners may still pub lish such textbooks, and therefore the endorsement regulations have not reduced this. The Advisory Committee on Mathematics Education, for example, argues that the new regulations do not go far enough, and that examiner-authored textbooks continue to be a problem in Mathematics in particular. To an extent, this comment can be supported: the limitations to the reform are that it does not stop endorsements being affixed to the textbook or publication, but simply makes the procedure for doing so more transparent. Therefore, examiners may still publish such textbooks, and such textbooks may even identify the book as being written by the examiner, even if the texts are not endorsed by the examination board. Even if such endorsement does not take place, then it would be relatively simple for the schools to identify the examiner as the author of the textbooks. Likewise, the publication of transparent criteria by the examination board does not necessarily restrict the extent to which end orsement can take place, but simply offers information on the procedure used to make such decisions. Given that the new policy is relatively recent, there has been limited response to its effect in practical terms. It takes a certain period before the uses of textbooks endorsed under the new scheme for the purposes of a specific examination can be recorded. Furthermore, for many schools, the aim is to prepare their students for examination as closely as possible, and thus they will likely continue to purchase textbooks authored by those who work closely with the regulatory system. Public opposition to the system has tended to focus on this factor, and given that the changes to the regulatory system do not do enough to address this issue, it is unlikely that public opinion will be substantively mollified by the changes. There are thus two issues present: the question of how far texts written by those closely involved in the examination process should be used for preparation, and t he reasons used by examination boards to endorse learning materials. The changes in the endorsement procedures only affect the latter of these issues, whereas public opinion is largely concerned with the former. 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