Rate of Growth in Africa - 782 Words

In Africa, the rate of growth has been greatly affected by the political, economic and social changes. This is an analysis of the current events and how economic, political and social changes can affect growth in this region. In terms of economy, Africa is said to lag behind the other world regions simply because most of the countries within it are very poor and underdeveloped. These countries depend on loans from developed countries in order to run their economic activities. The GDP is anticipated to increase by 6% between the years 2013 to 2023 if it went on at the same rate. Growth has been experienced throughout the continent, with over a third of sub-Saharan Africa countries having 6% and another 40% having 4% to 5% growth rates. The current GDP growth of Africa is 5.16% with the total capita being US$1,200 per capita. 36.2% of people in Africa earn less than US$ 1 in a day which means they live below the poverty line. The economy consists of trade, industry, agriculture, and human resource (OECD, Africa, 2008). If the economy of Africa falls, the rate of growth will be very minimal. The drop in the economy means that there will be less money generated within the internal income sources. This means that the countries cannot get enough cash to make major developments such us infrastructure, education, health and so on. The countries will have to turn back excessive borrowing from the developed countries (Yansanà ©, 1996). If the African economy rises, the growth rate willShow MoreRelatedThe Long Term Potential Growth Rate Of South Africa Essay1006 Words   |  5 PagesThe long-term potential growth rate of South Africa under the current policy environment has been estimated at 3.5%.Per capita GDP growth has proved mediocre, though improving, growing by 1.6% a year from 1994 to 2009, and by 2.2% over the 2000–09 decade, compared to world growth of 3.1% over the same period. The high levels of unemployment, at over 25%, and inequality are considered by the government and most South Africans to be the most salient economic problems facing the country. These issuesRead MoreThe Relationship between the Repo Rate, Disposable Income, Inflation and In Turn Economic Growth in South Africa1910 Words   |  8 Pagesthe repo rate, disposable income, inflation and in turn economic growth in South Africa Background: According to (BusinessDictionary.com, 2014) the repo rate is a rate, otherwise should for Repossession is known to central banks as the discount rate , which a central bank buys back government securities from any commercial bank all relative to the current level of money supply that the central bank wishes to keep. In more simple terms it can be suggested that the repo-rate is the rate that commercialRead MoreSouth Africa Pest Analysis1602 Words   |  7 PagesSOUTH AFRICA HISTORY In the history of South Africa, the earliest known settlers of the country were the San and Khoekhoe people, collectively known as Khoisan. They were two distinct cultural groups. The first Europeans to arrive in South Africa were the Portuguese Seafarers who initiated the sea route to India in 1488. They were soon followed by other Europeans since the late 16 th century In 1815, the British took permanent control of the Cape colony and brought in more settlers In 1910 SouthRead MoreMore or less a third of the entire world’s stock market capitalization is represented by the five600 Words   |  3 Pagesaverage growth rate for these emerging markets is expected to be four percent higher than all developed countries. Average growth rate for emerging markets is expected to be at five percent according to IMF predictions. Although for some of the BRICS countries overall growth may be lower than in previous years, yet these economies will still be probable to grow at a faster rate than developed countries. Long-term growth for these emerging markets looks very promising given these good growth projectionsRead MoreUrbanization And Population Growth : Prosperous Or Miserable?1190 Words   |  5 PagesUrbanization and Population Growth: prosperous or miserable? The demographics of the world change rapidly. In some parts, the population growth creates challenges, in others, there is a decline in birth rate. Due to the different demographic problems all over the world, generating a solution that will improve these issues is tough. Demographics, however, is not only about the population growth or decline. Urbanization plays a very important role in the demographics of the world. In such regionsRead MoreSouth Afric A Place Like No Other1569 Words   |  7 PagesSouth Africa is a place like no other. If you’re looking at a map, you’ll find it South of Mozambique, Zimbabwe, Botswana, and Namibia. Spanning from the Atlantic Ocean on the West coastline and The Indian Ocean on the East, South Africa is over 2500 kilometers long (South Africa s Geography). This largely populated country houses over 52 million people, who collectively speak ten different languages. South Africa alone is the same size as Niger, Angola, Mali, and Columbia (South Africa s Geography)Read MoreAn Evaluation of South African Economy and the Countrys Growth Rate in the Past Five Years1581 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿ Running Head: FINANCE Introduction Objective of this paper is to carry out the analysis of South African economy using the several economic tools to evaluate the country growth rate within the past 5 years. The balance of payment (BOP) is a statistical tool that provides a systematic summary of South African economic transactions with other countries of the world. One of the major economic and financial tools to evaluate countrys economic performances is the balance of payment and BOP isRead MorePestle Analysis of Barclays Plc1083 Words   |  5 Pagesthat broke out in summer 2007. Bank of England reduced the base rate down to the zero level in order to stimulate business (Hull, 2008). In these environmental conditions Barclays Plc has to operate in the global market. Besides, there are several countries in the African region and the Eastern Europe that tend to set bank monopoly from inside of the country (Selgin, 1996). Among the economic factors, GDP growth and interest rates in the main countries of Barclays’ operations should be discussedRead MoreDeveloped and Developing Countries1618 Words   |  7 PagesZealand, Japan and South Korea. Developing countries are emerging markets across Asia, Latin America and Africa. And undeveloped countries are mainly African nations which remain vastly poor, such as Mali and Somalia. Before I go on about the BRICS countries of the future, I will start with today’s BRICS nations why they are in BRICS. First, the B, Brazil. Brazil has sustained a high GDP growth rate as its Gross Domestic Product has passed the United Kingdom, but this is a small part of the equationRead MoreAbstract. The Research Examines The Social, Economic And1704 Words   |  7 Pagesof colonialism in West Africa. A critical view of the activities carried in the study to explain the social, economic and political effect of colonialism, and a qualitative of the growth rate of the West Africa countries were examined. The study therefore concludes that colonialism greatly had an impact in the growth of the countries in the selected West Africa countries. 1.0 Introduction Our research study will focus more on the effect of colonialism in Western part Africa by examining the social

Foreign Investment in India Free Essays

The article â€Å"Indian firms’ foreign ownership at its peak† talks about foreign ownership in listed Indian firms. According to the analysts the foreign ownership has reached its peak and is expected to rise further as corporate profitability grows. However, factors such as high inflation and corruption may result in overseas investors being careful with their actions. We will write a custom essay sample on Foreign Investment in India or any similar topic only for you Order Now As a result of year 2010, foreign institutional investors (FIIs) shareholding rose to the highest level since Indian markets opened up to foreign investment in 1993. In addition, strong corporate earnings had made India the top investment destination in 2010. As India is the second fastest growing major economy in the world after China, it is likely to attract higher investments in the future. Although the growth potential outlook for India remains positive, it is susceptible to correction due to is top priced trading compared to other markets. The threat of high inflation and rising crude prices resulting in a slow-down of growth and corporate profitability has affected the foreign investors action. The moderation in foreign flows has led to a decline in stock prices. An increase in FII shareholding was detected in sectors, such as consumer goods, pharma, metals, large software firms and telecom service providers. In banking and financial industry, however, the FIIs stakes were lowered as well as in most construction firms. The trend in foreign inflows in the future will depend largely on whether macroeconomic concerns such as inflation abate as well as on policy initiatives in the national budget to be tabled in Parliament next month. According to the article, investors remain careful with their action in the mean time until policy cues particularly around the budget are solved. Link to the article: http://www.allbusiness.com/trade-development/trade-development-finance/15460726-1.html How to cite Foreign Investment in India, Papers

Research Analysis Common Chronic Diseases

Question: Discuss about the Research Analysis for Common Chronic Diseases. Answer: Introduction The diabetes is one of the most common chronic diseases in the modern form of that is caused due to the elevated level of glucose in the blood. According to Scirica et al. (2013), there are several other physical complications that are associated with the diabetes like cardiac disorders, high blood pressure, problems with vision and many more. The control measure that is taken to cure diabetes depends on the amount of glucose that is present within the body. The intensive insulin therapy is carried out by injecting insulin into the blood, which is necessary for controlling the high blood glucose level. It is also essential to keep the diabetic patient under continuous glucose monitoring process. In this essay, comparative analysis of two journal articles that are related to the treatment of diabetes is done. In the first article, by the agency named Nice-Sugar Study Investigators, (2009) the authors have compared the difference and similarities between the conventional and intensive form of glucose treatment. On the other hand, in the second article by Preiser et al. (2009), the authors have mentioned about the randomized trial of the tight glucose control that is being practiced in the Intensive care Unit. The interpretation of the methods and data collection method that is being used along with the result is done in the essay. There is also many similarities and differences in the two articles that are also mentioned in the essay. The comparison of the result of the research work with the evidence-based literature is an important part that can be applied in the nursing practice. Article 1: Intensive versus Conventional Glucose Control in Critically Ill Patients The researchers have conducted the random method of trial method to collect samples from the surgical patients, who are admitted to the intensive care unit of the hospitals. The patients from 42 hospitals out of which, there are 38 academic tertiary care hospitals and other 4 is community-based hospitals. The ethical issue is one of the prime concerns of a research work, which ensures that the investigators have not adapted any unfair practice to collect data or information for the research work. In this case, the ethics committee of the Sydney University and the University of British Columbia along with every participating healthcare institutes have approved the method of the study. Hence, it can be said the investigators have followed ethical rules to ensure that the result of the analysis is correct and accurate. With the help of random analysis, it is possible for the investigators to accurately and impartially compare the result of the intensive and conventional glucose control. The intravenous injection is being used to accurately control the glucose level of blood. This will help to measure the change in the glucose level after the treatment is done. The data that were collected were verified with the monitors of glucose measurement of the healthcare center. The researchers had checked the medical history of the individual diabetic patient that helped them to compare the effect of intensive insulin theory. The previous treatment history of the patient was also verified, which was useful in comparing the result of each individual form of diabetic treatment. The monitoring of the glucose level of blood of individual patient was until 90 days after discharge from the ICU. The study result was done based on the sample that is collected from 6100 patients. This helped the researchers to gain accuracy in the statistical part of the research, which is nearly 90%. The researchers also gave special attention to data collection that the data, to ensure that no important information gets omitted. The chi-square test that is used in the analysis is of unadjusted type and thus is not able to provide an accurate result. The ratio measurement t ools that are used in this case, includes the Welch's test and Wilcoxon sum or rank test. These tools helped the researchers to get accurate results and therefore, the comparison can be done with full efficiency. It was also essential for the researchers to ensure that the out of all the total participants almost equal number of patients were assigned in the to take conventional glucose control test and intensive glucose control so that it is possible to compare the result of each test with sufficient amount of data. The patients, who are receiving the intensive treatment for diabetes, are provided with a higher dosage of glucose compared to that of the patients undergoing a conventional form of treatment. The researchers had obtained similar type of outcomes for both intensive and conventional type of glucose control. In spite of providing intensive care for glucose, 829 patients died. Thus it can be said that when the blood glucose level reaches to new level, it is not possible to cure a patient even after providing intensive care. Perkovic et al. (2013), believes that with the help of the intensive insulin therapy, it is possible to minimize the risks that are associated with diabetes. However, Miller et al. (2014), on the other hand, mentioned that the intensive care for diabetes can be effective only if the patient follows a strict schedule. Thus, it can be said that the patients, who were in the sample size of the research, were not able to follow a strict schedule that was necessary. There is also the risk of hypoglycemia is associated with the intensive form of treatment. Hence, it is important for the doctors to be extra careful while providing intensive insulin treatment. Nev ertheless, Umpierrez et al. (2015) have shown that with proper time and regular monitoring, it is possible to make the best use of the intensive insulin therapy, which is more effective in case of type I diabetes. The overall result that was obtained at the end of the research work is different from that of the meta-analysis of the intensive insulin therapy. The patients, who were given a high dosage of insulin, have higher risks of facing hypoglycemia. The algorithms that were used in the analysis have helped to provide accurate results as it helped the researchers to compare the result from the baseline of glucose measurement in blood. Another advantage of the findings of this analysis is the greater statistical power it possesses compared to all the previously done trials. Hence, it can be said that the accuracy of the result that is obtained is much more compared to previously done research works. However, there are many side-effects that are associated with the intensive form of treatment as most of the patients in this category had faced cardiac related disorders. The intensive glucose care thus may be an active process of controlling the blood glucose level in diabetic patients. The amount that is injected into the patient is of 180 mg or less so that it is possible to get effective result. It is also important for the nurse to regularly monitor the glucose level in the blood so that it is possible to check the effect of treatment. On the other hand, the risks those are associated with the intensive glucose control need to minimize by the nurse with help of effective skills. Proper and accurate diagnosis is essential so that it is possible to provide accurate treatment. The researcher has also suggested avoiding the use of intensive control insulin therapy as there are essential risks that are associated with this treatment. Article 2: A prospective randomized multi-center controlled trial on tight glucose control by intensive insulin therapy in adult intensive care units: the Glucotrol study Management of stress-related hyperglycemia was re-emerged after gaining improved outcomes in critically ill patients. The purpose of this research is to compare the effects of intensive insulin therapy with an intermediate glucose control on ICU mortality. The optimal target for glucose control in ICU patients has not been clearly discussed in previous literature. Thus, this study will present the management of glucose in ICU patients (Preiser et al. 2009). Since the report of the improved outcomes related to intensive insulin therapy has been published to tight glucose control in intensive care units, the IIT therapy has been recommended by several health agencies. However, the technique has several issues, in spite of its easy accessibility and inexpensiveness; it is a labor-intensive technique, along with some issues that can limit its external validity and benefits. Thus, this study has significant importance to test the hypothesis that IIT can improve the survival or patients re siding in intensive care units (ICU), compared to glucose control target of 7.8-10 mmol/L. The control target was selected for preventing the adverse effect of severe hyperglycemia and reducing the risk of the hypoglycaemia. The study included a randomized control trial including adult patients who were admitted to 21 participating medico-surgical ICUs. The patient recruitment for the study was started in November 2004. The study was managed well, as it has been approved by the institutional review board of each participating hospital. Informed consent was provided to each participant; respective national standards for informed consent have been followed. The inclusion and exclusion criteria for the study participation have been analyzed and these are significant for this study. It has been seen that patients under 18 years old have been excluded for avoiding additional complications; a patient with a life expectancy lower than 24 hours has also been excluded from the study. The primary endpoint of selection was all-cause related to ICU mortality. The group 1 has been designated for the control group; the data were recorded in the preliminary survey, which helped the author to calculate the sample size n eeded for detecting a 4% decrease in mortality with an error rate of 5%. The sampling was analyzed for understanding. The study design was randomized control trial. Two groups were set, for group 1, the blood glucose target was set for 7.8-10.0 mmol/L and for group 2, BG target was set 4.4-6.1 mmol/L. However, due to unintended protocol violations, the trial was stopped early after 1101 admission. A total of 551 patients were assigned to group 1 (LIT) and 550 patients to group 2 (IIT), whereas 542 samples were analyzed in group 1 and 536 samples were analyzed in group 2. From this analysis, it can be said that the study design was appropriate. A thorough monitoring of patients was done during the study from ICU admission to the discharge of the patient from ICU. The study protocol was applied during the time of admission. The data randomization and stratification provide the justification for the validity of data collection methods. The vital outcomes of patients were recorded until patient's discharge or the 28th day of ICU admission. For hourly monitoring, Roche Diagnostics tool has been used, which has shown to provide accurate results in previous studies (Peyrot et al. 2012). The authors defined the rate of hypoglycemia as the proportion of patients experiencing minimum one episode of hypoglycemia. For comparing with other trials, the percentage of morning BG values was calculated within the assigned range. The statistical analysis was also done. Wilcoxon Mann Whitney test has been reported to be used for comparing the inter-quartile ranges and m edians of variables. In addition, for enhancing the reliability of these data, the author used student- t test for comparing the normally distributed continuous variables Standard deviation and men values (Van den Berghe et al. 2006). Chi-square test was used by the authors for comparing categorical variables. To reduce the chance of the influence of variations in sampling intervention, a univariable and multi-variable regression was performed through a backwards elimination procedure for identifying possible independent factors associated with hypoglycemia and mortality. The confidence level of all the data has been calculated for analyzing the reliability of data. The odd ratios have been used by the authors with confidence interval 95% (Hecking et al. 2012). To ensure that the data are statistically significant, p value was considered less than 0.05. The result was published using the outcomes of the 1,101 patients, who participated in the test. After the death of the 100th patient, the researchers had stared their analysis. The mortality rate was very similar in the ICU hospital to that of the LOS. The morality rate also did not differ in case of the patients who had mean BG of below 6.1 mmol/L and also of those, where the mean BG is above 6.1 mmol/L. The report for organ failure, which was assessed with the help of SOFQ scores, did not show much difference between the two groups along with the indices of other severe illness and a total number of febrile days and the total number of days with anti-infective agents. However, the total number of days for the patients having vasodepressor is quite different. The rate of hypoglycemia was 8.7% in the group I and in case of group II, it was just 2.7%. The main findings of the research paper are about the impact of intensive insulin therapy, which is quite different from the previously done research. With a dosage of 4.4-6.2 mmol/L of BG, there is very little effect on the critically ill patients. There is also the risk of hypoglycemia due to the treatment of intensive insulin therapy. The main difficulty that the researchers faced to make definite conclusion for this analysis is due to the premature interruption of the research work. However, from the discussion part, it is clear that the nurses, who are practicing the intensive insulin therapy among the patient, need to pay extra care to the critically ill patients as there is a high risk of the patients to suffer from hypoglycemia. Similarities and Difference in the two articles In both the above-mentioned research article, the researchers have analyzed about the treatment methods for critically ill patients suffering from high blood glucose level. Both of the studies were conducted upon the patients who were admitted to the intensive care unit of hospital. The main difference between the two research papers is that in case of the first article, the researchers had tried to compare the effect of the difference between the conventional and intensive form of glucose treatment, which includes the intensive insulin therapy. On the other hand, in the case of the second research article the investigators had focused on the effect of controlled intensive insulin therapy among the ICU patients. In result of both the articles, the researchers had made a conclusion that the intensive form of glucose control therapy has negligible effects on the critically ill patients. Moreover, there is also the risk of hypoglycemia, where the concentration of the glucose level in blood goes down significantly. The researchers of both the article have suggested that the nurses, who are incorporating the intensive glucose treatment, need to carefully diagnose and monitor the conditions of the patients. The conventional form of diabetic treatment is much better compared to the intensive glucose treatment as there is not much difference between the two forms of treatment. Moreover, there are no side-effects that are associated with the conversion form of diabetic treatment. Hence, there is a wide scope of opportunity for future research on the ways and techniques that can be adopted to improve the use of intensive insulin therapy . Reference Hecking, M., Haidinger, M., Dller, D., Werzowa, J., Tura, A., Zhang, J., Tekoglu, H., Pleiner, J., Wrba, T., Rasoul-Rockenschaub, S. and Mhlbacher, F., 2012. Early basal insulin therapy decreases new-onset diabetes after renal transplantation. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology, 23(4), pp.739-749. Miller, M.E., Williamson, J.D., Gerstein, H.C., Byington, R.P., Cushman, W.C., Ginsberg, H.N., Ambrosius, W.T., Lovato, L., Applegate, W.B. and ACCORD Investigators, 2014. Effects of randomization to intensive glucose control on adverse events, cardiovascular disease, and mortality in older versus younger adults in the ACCORD Trial.Diabetes Care,37(3), pp.634-643. Nice-Sugar Study Investigators, 2009. Intensive versus conventional glucose control in critically ill patients.N Engl J Med,2009(360), pp.1283-1297. Perkovic, V., Heerspink, H.L., Chalmers, J., Woodward, M., Jun, M., Li, Q., MacMahon, S., Cooper, M.E., Hamet, P., Marre, M. and Mogensen, C.E., 2013. Intensive glucose control improves kidney outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes.Kidney international,83(3), pp.517-523. Peyrot, M., Barnett, A.H., Meneghini, L.F. and Schumm?Draeger, P.M., 2012. Insulin adherence behaviours and barriers in the multinational Global Attitudes of Patients and Physicians in Insulin Therapy study. Diabetic Medicine, 29(5), pp.682-689. Preiser, J.C., Devos, P., Ruiz-Santana, S., Mlot, C., Annane, D., Groeneveld, J., Iapichino, G., Leverve, X., Nitenberg, G., Singer, P. and Wernerman, J., 2009. A prospective randomised multi-centre controlled trial on tight glucose control by intensive insulin therapy in adult intensive care units: the Glucontrol study. Intensive care medicine, 35(10), pp.1738-1748. Preiser, J.C., Devos, P., Ruiz-Santana, S., Mlot, C., Annane, D., Groeneveld, J., Iapichino, G., Leverve, X., Nitenberg, G., Singer, P. and Wernerman, J., 2009. A prospective randomised multi-centre controlled trial on tight glucose control by intensive insulin therapy in adult intensive care units: the Glucontrol study.Intensive care medicine,35(10), pp.1738-1748. Scirica, B.M., Bhatt, D.L., Braunwald, E., Steg, P.G., Davidson, J., Hirshberg, B., Ohman, P., Frederich, R., Wiviott, S.D., Hoffman, E.B. and Cavender, M.A., 2013. Saxagliptin and cardiovascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.New England Journal of Medicine,369(14), pp.1317-1326. Umpierrez, G., Cardona, S., Pasquel, F., Jacobs, S., Peng, L., Unigwe, M., Newton, C.A., Smiley-Byrd, D., Vellanki, P., Halkos, M. and Puskas, J.D., 2015. Randomized controlled trial of intensive versus conservative glucose control in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass graft surgery: GLUCO-CABG trial.Diabetes Care,38(9), pp.1665-1672. Van den Berghe, G., Wilmer, A., Hermans, G., Meersseman, W., Wouters, P.J., Milants, I., Van Wijngaerden, E., Bobbaers, H. and Bouillon, R., 2006. Intensive insulin therapy in the medical ICU. New England Journal of Medicine, 354(5), pp.449-461.